Biophotonics refers to the development and application of optical techniques, particularly imaging, for studying biological molecules and cells.It combines biology and photonics (the study of light) to enhance our understanding of cellular and tissue structures.

Atomic physics is a branch of physics that explores the structure of the atom and the properties of subatomic particles. It focuses on the behavior, interactions, and energy transitions of electrons within atoms playing a crucial role in nuclear physics.

Laser optics are utilized in various laser instrumentation applications, including beam steering. A laser is a device that generates and amplifies light through the process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation

Photonics is the study of light waves and their applications in generation, detection, and manipulation through emission, transmission, modulation, amplification, reflection, refraction, absorption, polarization, diffraction, and scattering.